DATE: March 23, 2025 at 02:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------

TITLE: Painful thoughts disrupt the feeling of owning one’s body, virtual reality study finds

URL: https://www.psypost.org/painful-thoughts-disrupt-the-feeling-of-owning-ones-body-virtual-reality-study-finds/

A new study published in Frontiers in Psychology shows that imagining your body in pain—even if it’s just a virtual one—can make you feel less connected to it. Researchers found that when people were told to think of a virtual body as their own and imagine it experiencing abdominal pain, their sense of ownership over that body weakened. These findings may help explain why some individuals, especially those with experiences of depersonalization, struggle to feel connected to their own physical selves.

The study explored a psychological phenomenon known as body ownership—the fundamental sense that your body is yours. This feeling is not only essential for self-awareness but also helps you react to danger and interact with your environment. In people with conditions like depersonalization, this sense can break down. The researchers wanted to understand whether imagining a negative physical state—like pain—could interfere with this basic bodily awareness. They used a virtual reality setup to simulate ownership over a digital body and tested how participants responded to it under different mental interpretations.

To understand the study, it helps to know a bit about the concept of body ownership and how scientists simulate it. In experiments like the rubber hand illusion or the full-body illusion, people are tricked into feeling that an object—such as a fake hand or a virtual avatar—is actually part of their body. This usually involves synchronized visual and touch stimulation. For example, when someone sees a virtual back being stroked at the same time as their own back is touched in the same way, their brain can start to treat that virtual body as their own.

Previous research has shown that this illusion relies on both sensory signals and the mind’s expectations. If an object doesn’t resemble a body, the illusion is less likely to happen. Similarly, if a person is told the virtual body belongs to someone else, the feeling of ownership fades. In this study, the researchers wanted to go one step further by asking whether imagining the virtual body in a painful state—like having a stomachache—would disrupt the illusion, even if the person still believed it was their own.

The researchers recruited 32 male participants, ultimately including 27 in their final analysis after excluding some due to technical issues. All participants were healthy and wore a virtual reality headset that allowed them to see a 3D avatar from behind. During the experiment, participants experienced synchronized and unsynchronized stroking of their backs while watching a virtual body being stroked in the same way. Sometimes, they were instructed to think of the avatar as just a body. Other times, they were told to imagine it as their own body, either in a neutral state or while experiencing abdominal pain.

After the synchronized stroking, a fear-inducing animation—a knife appearing near the virtual back—was used to trigger a physical response. The researchers measured skin conductance, a signal that reflects the body’s automatic reaction to emotional stimuli. They also asked participants to fill out a questionnaire about how strongly they felt the virtual body was their own.

The results were striking. When participants were told to imagine the virtual body in pain, their physical reactions to the fear stimulus were significantly weaker than when they imagined the body as being in a neutral state. This suggested that they didn’t feel as connected to the virtual body in the pain condition. The questionnaire responses, which are more subjective, didn’t show the same effect—possibly because participants were influenced by the instructions to treat the body as their own, regardless of how they actually felt.

This contrast between objective physical reactions and subjective reports hints at the complexity of body ownership. While people might say they felt the virtual body was theirs, their nervous systems seemed to disagree when that body was imagined to be suffering. This difference was especially evident in the skin conductance responses, which are harder to fake or influence consciously.

The study also explored whether people with higher tendencies toward depersonalization were less likely to feel body ownership in the neutral condition. Earlier research had found such a relationship, and this study partly confirmed it. The correlation only held up when participants experienced the neutral condition before the pain condition. When they had already imagined the body in pain, that experience seemed to carry over and interfere with their ability to feel connected to the body in later trials.

This suggests that the negative interpretation of the body may have a lingering effect. People might start distancing themselves from their virtual body—even in later scenarios where no pain is involved—because of earlier associations. This could mirror real-life experiences in individuals who habitually see their bodies as sources of discomfort or danger, such as those with chronic depersonalization.

“Using the full-body illusion in virtual reality—where people begin to feel a virtual body as their own— we investigated how interpreting the virtual body as one’s own body, while in a negative physical state, affects this illusion. This research can possibly relate to depersonalization, a condition where people struggle to feel their body as their own,” explained Kazuki Yamamoto, an author of the study.

However, the researchers acknowledge some limitations. It’s not clear whether the reduced sense of ownership came specifically from the negative interpretation or from the mismatch between the real body (not in pain) and the imagined one (in pain). It’s possible that the brain resisted owning the virtual body simply because it didn’t match the participants’ actual physical state.

Another possible issue is the cognitive load. Imagining abdominal pain might require more mental effort than imagining a neutral state, drawing attention away from the synchronized sensory input that normally helps create the illusion. There’s also a chance that the fear-inducing knife animation influenced participants’ feelings about the virtual body in ways the researchers couldn’t fully measure.

Finally, the study used a third-person view, meaning participants saw the avatar from behind. Prior research suggests this setup produces weaker illusions than first-person views, where the virtual body aligns more closely with the viewer’s own perspective. Whether the same results would occur in a first-person setup remains an open question.

“While we observed this inhibitory effect, further research is needed to determine whether it was specifically due to the negative interpretation or to differences between actual and virtual body states,” explained co-author Takashi Nakao.

Still, the findings offer a valuable insight: when people imagine their body in a negative state, their brain may pull away from fully “owning” it—even if that body is only virtual. This sheds light on how mental interpretations and emotional states shape our connection to our own body, which could help in understanding conditions like depersonalization.

The study, “The manipulation of top-down interpretation as one’s symptomatic body reduces the sense of body ownership,” was authored by Kazuki Yamamoto and Takashi Nakao.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/painful-thoughts-disrupt-the-feeling-of-owning-ones-body-virtual-reality-study-finds/

-------------------------------------------------

Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: https://www.clinicians-exchange.org

Unofficial Psychology Today Xitter to toot feed at Psych Today Unofficial Bot @PTUnofficialBot

NYU Information for Practice puts out 400-500 good quality health-related research posts per week but its too much for many people, so that bot is limited to just subscribers. You can read it or subscribe at @PsychResearchBot

Since 1991 The National Psychologist has focused on keeping practicing psychologists current with news, information and items of interest. Check them out for more free articles, resources, and subscription information: https://www.nationalpsychologist.com

EMAIL DAILY DIGEST OF RSS FEEDS -- SUBSCRIBE: http://subscribe-article-digests.clinicians-exchange.org

READ ONLINE: http://read-the-rss-mega-archive.clinicians-exchange.org

It's primitive... but it works... mostly...

-------------------------------------------------

#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist

DATE: March 23, 2025 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------

TITLE: Study finds microdosing LSD is not effective in reducing ADHD symptoms

URL: https://www.psypost.org/study-finds-microdosing-lsd-is-not-effective-in-reducing-adhd-symptoms/

A new clinical trial has found that taking low doses of LSD twice a week does not reduce symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults more than a placebo. While both the LSD and placebo groups showed improvements over six weeks, there was no meaningful difference between the two. These results challenge popular claims about the benefits of microdosing psychedelics and emphasize the importance of placebo-controlled studies when evaluating treatments that are often promoted through anecdotal evidence. The research was published in JAMA Psychiatry.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, more commonly known as ADHD, affects nearly three percent of adults worldwide. The condition involves persistent difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, often leading to significant struggles in work, relationships, and daily functioning. Standard treatments typically include stimulant medications like amphetamines or methylphenidate, which can be effective but don’t work for everyone. About one in three patients don’t get enough relief, and many stop taking the medications due to side effects or concerns about long-term use.

In recent years, the idea of microdosing psychedelics—taking very small amounts of substances like LSD or psilocybin—has gained popularity. Some users claim that microdosing improves focus, emotional balance, and creativity, and many report using it to self-treat conditions such as depression, anxiety, and ADHD. Microdoses are usually about one-tenth of a recreational dose, small enough that they don’t cause noticeable changes in perception. But despite the enthusiasm online and in the media, there has been little clinical research testing whether microdosing actually works as a treatment.

To test these claims, researchers from University Hospital Basel in Switzerland and Maastricht University in the Netherlands conducted a six-week, placebo-controlled trial. They recruited 53 adults diagnosed with moderate to severe ADHD and randomly assigned them to receive either a low dose of LSD or a placebo. The study was double-blind, meaning neither the participants nor the researchers knew who was receiving which treatment.

“We were contracted by the company Mindmed to perform this work which was within our line of work on psychedelics,” explained study author Matthias Liechti, the head of the Clinical Pharmacology Division of the University Hospital Basel.

Participants were given their assigned substance twice a week under supervision. The dose of LSD—20 micrograms—is considered to be at the higher end of the microdosing range and was chosen to increase the chance of detecting any therapeutic benefit. Throughout the study, participants completed various assessments measuring ADHD symptoms, including both self-reported and observer-rated scales. Researchers also collected information about side effects, vital signs, and subjective drug experiences.

By the end of the six weeks, both the LSD and placebo groups had shown significant reductions in ADHD symptoms. On the primary measure, symptoms improved by an average of 7.1 points in the LSD group and 8.9 points in the placebo group. This difference was not statistically meaningful. Across all other symptom ratings and time points, the two groups continued to show nearly identical improvements.

Participants in both groups also experienced similar benefits when they believed they were receiving the active drug. Interestingly, after the final dose, 80% of participants—whether they had taken LSD or placebo—guessed they had received LSD. Those who believed they had taken LSD tended to report greater symptom improvement, regardless of what they had actually received. This suggests that expectations may have played a large role in how participants experienced the treatment.

“In a well-designed study, low dose LSD (microdosing) is not more effective than placebo in patients with ADHD,” Liechti told PsyPost. “We observed marked therapeutic improvements in many patients and were surprised to see at the end of the study that they were equally frequent in the placebo group. Both LSD and placebo are effective over time but placebo and expectancy effects are the reason for this, not the LSD effect. This highlights the need for a well-blinded placebo control group.”

As expected, participants who took LSD did experience more noticeable short-term drug effects, such as changes in perception and feelings of altered consciousness. These effects were mild but significantly stronger than those reported by the placebo group. Still, the LSD dose used in the study was well tolerated overall. The most common side effects were headache, nausea, fatigue, insomnia, and mild visual changes. Two participants dropped out of the LSD group due to uncomfortable effects. There were no serious medical events or psychiatric complications.

Although the study did not find LSD to be effective for treating ADHD, it does offer some important insights. First, it shows that low doses of LSD can produce measurable but tolerable psychological effects in a clinical setting. It also demonstrates that strong placebo responses are possible in psychedelic studies, even when the dose is too low to cause intense hallucinations. This supports concerns that anecdotal reports of success with microdosing may be driven more by belief than biology.

The researchers also noted that the study was one of the few in psychedelic research to achieve successful blinding. In most psychedelic trials, the noticeable effects of high doses make it easy for participants to guess whether they’re receiving the active substance. In this case, the use of a low dose meant that even placebo recipients often believed they had received LSD, reducing the influence of expectation bias to some extent.

Although some past studies have suggested that higher doses of LSD may help with anxiety or depression, this trial does not provide evidence that low doses help with ADHD. Further research is needed to explore other psychedelics and different dosing schedules.

“The study used a relatively high dose of 20 micrograms, but a lower dose of 10 micrograms—or a dosing schedule of every day or every other day—might produce different results,” Liechti said. “It is not likely though. High-doses of LSD have consistently been shown to be effective in anxiety and depressive disorders. Thus, such high doses may also be effective in the treatment of mood in ADHD patients.”

The study, “Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Low-Dose LSD for ADHD Treatment in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” was authored by Lorenz Mueller, Joyce Santos de Jesus, Yasmin Schmid, Felix Müller, Anna Becker, Aaron Klaiber, Isabelle Straumann, Dino Luethi, Eline C. H. M. Haijen, Petra P. M. Hurks, Kim P. C. Kuypers, and Matthias E. Liechti.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/study-finds-microdosing-lsd-is-not-effective-in-reducing-adhd-symptoms/

-------------------------------------------------

Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: https://www.clinicians-exchange.org

Unofficial Psychology Today Xitter to toot feed at Psych Today Unofficial Bot @PTUnofficialBot

NYU Information for Practice puts out 400-500 good quality health-related research posts per week but its too much for many people, so that bot is limited to just subscribers. You can read it or subscribe at @PsychResearchBot

Since 1991 The National Psychologist has focused on keeping practicing psychologists current with news, information and items of interest. Check them out for more free articles, resources, and subscription information: https://www.nationalpsychologist.com

EMAIL DAILY DIGEST OF RSS FEEDS -- SUBSCRIBE: http://subscribe-article-digests.clinicians-exchange.org

READ ONLINE: http://read-the-rss-mega-archive.clinicians-exchange.org

It's primitive... but it works... mostly...

-------------------------------------------------

#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist

DATE: March 23, 2025 at 10:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------

TITLE: Pornography-induced arousal predicts declines in relationship satisfaction and stability, study finds

URL: https://www.psypost.org/pornography-induced-arousal-predicts-declines-in-relationship-satisfaction-and-stability-study-finds/

A study conducted in Australia found that individuals who reported being more easily sexually aroused by pornography tended to experience a decrease in sexual satisfaction, as well as in relationship quality and stability, over the following two months. The paper was published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior.

Sexual arousal is a physiological and psychological response to sexual stimuli. It is regulated by the nervous system and hormones, particularly dopamine, oxytocin, and testosterone. Physical signs of sexual arousal include an increased heart rate, genital swelling, vaginal lubrication in females, and erection in males.

Sexual arousal plays an important role in the functioning and stability of romantic relationships. When a person is sexually aroused by their partner, they are more likely to feel motivated to engage with their partner and enjoy satisfying sexual activity. Such individuals are also more inclined to invest effort in maintaining the relationship.

However, a romantic partner is not the only source of sexual arousal. People can become aroused by sexual fantasies, as well as by pornography. Research indicates that 70–80% of men and 35–60% of women in romantic relationships report using pornography.

The study’s authors, Nicholas J. Lawless and Gery C. Karantzas, sought to explore the association between pornography use and the stability and quality of romantic relationships, as well as sexual satisfaction. They hypothesized that individuals who are sexually aroused by their romantic partners would experience improvements in relationship quality over time. However, they were uncertain whether arousal to pornography would be linked to improvements or declines in relationship quality and sought to investigate this further.

The study included 309 participants, aged between 18 and 72, who reported being in a romantic relationship for at least six months. Sixty-six percent identified as heterosexual, and 25% as bisexual. On average, participants had been with their current partner for seven years. Nine percent reported being in a non-monogamous relationship, and 71% had no children.

Participants completed online assessments measuring arousal to their partner (e.g., “When I looked at my partner, I felt sexually aroused”), arousal to pornography (e.g., “When I thought about using pornography, I felt turned on”), relationship quality (e.g., “How satisfied are you with your relationship?”), relationship stability (e.g., “I find myself wishing that my partner and I weren’t romantically involved”), and sexual satisfaction (e.g., “My sex life is fulfilling”). Two months later, participants completed the same set of assessments again. The second survey also included a measure of socially desirable responding.

Results showed that participants who reported higher levels of arousal toward their romantic partner tended to have better relationship quality, greater stability, and higher sexual satisfaction in both surveys. In contrast, individuals who reported greater arousal to pornography in the initial survey were more likely to report lower relationship stability and reduced sexual satisfaction two months later. They also tended to use pornography more frequently.

“Our findings suggest that porn arousal is associated with reductions in an array of relational outcomes over time. These findings have important implications for future research in understanding how feeling sexually aroused by porn can have negative downstream effects on relationship well-being,” the study authors concluded.

While the study sheds light on the links between pornography use and relationship quality, it is important to note that the sample was drawn from an online population, which may not reflect the broader general population. Results from more representative samples may differ.

The paper “Porn or Partner Arousal? When It Comes to Romantic Relationships, Not All Sexual Arousal Is Equal: A Prospective Study” was authored by Nicholas J. Lawless and Gery C. Karantzas.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/pornography-induced-arousal-predicts-declines-in-relationship-satisfaction-and-stability-study-finds/

-------------------------------------------------

Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: https://www.clinicians-exchange.org

Unofficial Psychology Today Xitter to toot feed at Psych Today Unofficial Bot @PTUnofficialBot

NYU Information for Practice puts out 400-500 good quality health-related research posts per week but its too much for many people, so that bot is limited to just subscribers. You can read it or subscribe at @PsychResearchBot

Since 1991 The National Psychologist has focused on keeping practicing psychologists current with news, information and items of interest. Check them out for more free articles, resources, and subscription information: https://www.nationalpsychologist.com

EMAIL DAILY DIGEST OF RSS FEEDS -- SUBSCRIBE: http://subscribe-article-digests.clinicians-exchange.org

READ ONLINE: http://read-the-rss-mega-archive.clinicians-exchange.org

It's primitive... but it works... mostly...

-------------------------------------------------

#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist

DATE: March 23, 2025 at 08:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **
-------------------------------------------------

TITLE: Social media may be trapping us in a cycle of loneliness, new study suggests

URL: https://www.psypost.org/social-media-may-be-trapping-us-in-a-cycle-of-loneliness-new-study-suggests/

Spending time on social media, whether you are simply scrolling through posts or actively engaging with others, may contribute to increased feelings of loneliness over time, according to new research. A study published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin revealed that both types of social media use are associated with a rise in loneliness, suggesting that online interactions may not adequately replace the social fulfillment gained from face-to-face relationships.

In recent years, both social media use and reported loneliness have increased significantly. Despite the promise of social media to connect people and build communities, many individuals report feeling more disconnected than ever. Reports from organizations like the U.S. Surgeon General have highlighted a growing “epidemic of loneliness,” noting that a lack of social connection can be as detrimental to health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day.

While some research has suggested social media might alleviate loneliness, other studies have indicated a potential negative impact. To gain clarity on this mixed picture—and to examine the specific ways people use social media—researchers conducted the new study to investigate how different types of social media engagement affect feelings of loneliness over an extended period.

“The last 10-plus years of my research focus has been on phone and social media use and their impact on well-being,” said study author James A. Roberts, the Ben H. Williams Professor of Marketing in the Hankamer School of Business at Baylor University. “But we also know that it is not simply a matter of more social media use leading to poorer health outcomes—it might make a difference how that social media is used. The current epidemic of loneliness, both in the United States and abroad, and the severe negative implications of being lonely make this topic of critical importance to researchers.”

The research team utilized data from a large-scale, long-term study in the Netherlands called the Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences panel. This panel study has been collecting annual data from a representative sample of Dutch households since 2008. For this particular study, the researchers analyzed nine years of data, from 2014 to 2022. The sample included 6,965 adult participants, with slightly more than half being women. The average age of participants at the start of the study was around 50 years old. Participants completed surveys each year, answering questions about their social media use and feelings of loneliness.

The researchers were interested in two main types of social media use: passive and active. Passive social media use was defined as the time spent reading and viewing content without directly interacting—for example, scrolling through news feeds or browsing profiles. Participants estimated how many hours per week they spent on this type of browsing. Active social media use, by contrast, included time spent posting messages, photos, and videos, as well as engaging with others by liking or commenting on their posts. Participants also reported how many hours per week they engaged in this type of active use.

To measure loneliness, the study used a well-established six-item questionnaire. This measure asked participants about various aspects of loneliness, such as feeling a sense of emptiness, whether they had people to rely on, and how connected they felt to others. Participants rated their agreement with these statements, and their responses were combined to generate a loneliness score.

The researchers then used statistical models designed to track change over time to examine how different types of social media use related to loneliness. These models allowed them to assess how social media use at one time point predicted loneliness in later years, and vice versa, across the nine-year period.

The findings revealed a significant association between both passive and active social media use and increased loneliness over time. Individuals who reported more passive browsing at the start of the study tended to experience greater increases in loneliness in subsequent years. This suggests that spending more time scrolling through content without engaging may contribute to growing feelings of isolation.

More surprisingly, active social media use—typically thought to be more socially beneficial—was also linked to increasing loneliness over time. Participants who spent more time posting and engaging with others reported a sharper rise in loneliness as the years progressed. This finding challenges the popular notion that active participation on social media helps reduce loneliness. Instead, it suggests that even seemingly interactive online experiences may not offer the depth of connection that in-person relationships provide.

“Our results confirm my suspicions that no matter how it’s used, social media is a poor substitute for face-to-face interaction,” Roberts told PsyPost. “This suggests a coming public crisis as younger generations spend more time and are highly attached (if not addicted) to social media.”

The study also uncovered a feedback loop between social media use and loneliness. Not only did greater social media use predict increased loneliness, but feeling lonely also predicted more social media use over time. This pattern implies that people may turn to social media to ease their loneliness, but that increased use might only worsen those feelings.

“I think the major takeaway from our study should be that social media use is a poor substitute for person-to-person interaction,” Roberts said. “Our results suggest that no matter how one uses social media—actively or passively—such use leads to higher levels of loneliness. The fact that young people spend so much time on social media makes the implications of our findings all the more important. Along with increasing levels of social media use across all age categories, we have, surprisingly, found attendant higher levels of loneliness. Ironically, social media does not deliver on its core promise to bring us closer to others.”

While the study provides meaningful insight, it also comes with limitations. Most notably, it relies on self-reported measures of social media use and loneliness, which can be influenced by memory or social desirability biases. Participants may not accurately recall how much time they spent online or may underreport their feelings of loneliness. Future research could benefit from objective measures, such as tracking real-time app usage.

Another area for future study is the type of content people engage with on social media. Some interactions—like seeing posts that trigger social comparison or exclusion—may be more harmful than others. Understanding which online behaviors are most closely tied to loneliness could help guide healthier digital habits.

“More research is needed that investigates how different social media apps affect well-being,” Roberts said. “Sadly, my research with others suggests that the newest generation of social media—short-form video platforms like TikTok, Instagram Reels, and YouTube Shorts—are even more addictive than the more traditional forms of social media, like Facebook. This will only exacerbate the loneliness of an online existence.”

“Our primary goal is to better understand how and why social media can be an alienating force. Fear of missing out has been extensively researched, but it suggests one way social media makes us feel worse is by showing us everything we were not included in. Upward social comparisons also negatively affect well-being. But we shouldn’t overlook a simpler explanation: time spent on social media displaces time spent with others. Most social media is consumed in isolation.”

“Loneliness is a significant health crisis with serious health implications for individuals, their relationships, work performance, and broader society, which must deal with the fallout. The negative outcomes associated with increasing levels of loneliness are real and far-reaching,” Roberts concluded.

The study, “The Epidemic of Loneliness: A 9-Year Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Passive and Active Social Media Use on Loneliness,” was authored by James A. Roberts, Phil D. Young, and Meredith E. David.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/social-media-may-be-trapping-us-in-a-cycle-of-loneliness-new-study-suggests/

-------------------------------------------------

Private, vetted email list for mental health professionals: https://www.clinicians-exchange.org

Unofficial Psychology Today Xitter to toot feed at Psych Today Unofficial Bot @PTUnofficialBot

NYU Information for Practice puts out 400-500 good quality health-related research posts per week but its too much for many people, so that bot is limited to just subscribers. You can read it or subscribe at @PsychResearchBot

Since 1991 The National Psychologist has focused on keeping practicing psychologists current with news, information and items of interest. Check them out for more free articles, resources, and subscription information: https://www.nationalpsychologist.com

EMAIL DAILY DIGEST OF RSS FEEDS -- SUBSCRIBE: http://subscribe-article-digests.clinicians-exchange.org

READ ONLINE: http://read-the-rss-mega-archive.clinicians-exchange.org

It's primitive... but it works... mostly...

-------------------------------------------------

#psychology #counseling #socialwork #psychotherapy @psychotherapist @psychotherapists @psychology @socialpsych @socialwork @psychiatry #mentalhealth #psychiatry #healthcare #depression #psychotherapist